维基百科

命令模式

在面向对象编程的范畴中,命令模式(英语:Command pattern)是一种设计模式,它尝试以对象来代表实际行动。命令对象可以把行动(action) 及其参数封装起来,于是这些行动可以被:

  • 重复多次
  • 取消(如果该对象有实现的话)
  • 取消后又再重做

这些都是现代大型应用程序所必须的功能,即“撤销”及“重复”。除此之外,可以用命令模式来实现的功能例子还有:

  • 交易行为
  • 进度列
  • 向导
  • 用户界面按钮及功能表项目
  • 线程 pool
  • 宏收录

Java

import java.util.List;
import java.util.ArrayList;

/* The Command interface */
public interface Command {
   void execute();
}

/* The Invoker class */
public class Switch {
   private List<Command> history = new ArrayList<Command>();

   public Switch() {
   }

   public void storeAndExecute(Command cmd) {
      this.history.add(cmd); // optional
      cmd.execute();        
   }
}

/* The Receiver class */
public class Light {
   public Light() {
   }

   public void turnOn() {
      System.out.println("The light is on");
   }

   public void turnOff() {
      System.out.println("The light is off");
   }
}

/* The Command for turning on the light - ConcreteCommand #1 */
public class FlipUpCommand implements Command {
   private Light theLight;

   public FlipUpCommand(Light light) {
      this.theLight = light;
   }

   public void execute(){
      theLight.turnOn();
   }
}

/* The Command for turning off the light - ConcreteCommand #2 */
public class FlipDownCommand implements Command {
   private Light theLight;

   public FlipDownCommand(Light light) {
      this.theLight = light;
   }

   public void execute() {
      theLight.turnOff();
   }
}

/* The test class or client */
public class PressSwitch {
   public static void main(String[] args){
      Light lamp = new Light();
      Command switchUp = new FlipUpCommand(lamp);
      Command switchDown = new FlipDownCommand(lamp);

      Switch mySwitch = new Switch();

      try {
         if ("ON".equalsIgnoreCase(args[0])) {
            mySwitch.storeAndExecute(switchUp);
         }
         else if ("OFF".equalsIgnoreCase(args[0])) {
            mySwitch.storeAndExecute(switchDown);
         }
         else {
            System.out.println("Argument \"ON\" or \"OFF\" is required.");
         }
      } catch (Exception e) {
         System.out.println("Arguments required.");
      }
   }
}

例子

Receiver 知道如何实现与执行一个请求相关的操作。任何类都可能作为一个接收者。

public class Receiver {
    public void receive(){
        System.out.println("This is Receive class!");
    }
}

Command 声明执行操作的接口。

public abstract class Command {
    protected Receiver receiver;

    public Command(Receiver receiver) {
        this.receiver = receiver;
    }

    public abstract void execute();
}

ConcreteCommand 将一个接收者对象绑定于一个动作。 调用接收者相应的操作,以实现Execute。

public class CommandImpl extends Command {
    public CommandImpl(Receiver receiver) {
        super(receiver);
    }

    @Override
    public void execute() {
        receiver.receive();
    }
}

Invoker 要求该命令执行这个请求。

public class Invoker {
    private Command command;

    public void setCommand(Command command) {
        this.command = command;
    }

    public void execute(){
        command.execute();
    }
}

Client 创建一个具体命令对象并设定它的接收者。

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Receiver rec = new Receiver();
        Command cmd = new CommandImpl(rec);
        Invoker i = new Invoker();
        i.setCommand(cmd);
        i.execute();
    }
}

运行结果:

This is Receive class!